Letter to Francesco Vettori

By Niccolò Machiavelli

10 December 1513

✦ — ✦ — ✦

Magnificent ambassador.1 “Divine favours were never late.”2 I say this because I seemed to have, not lost, but mislaid your favour, since you had gone a long while without writing to me, and I was unsure where the cause might lie. Of all the reasons that came to mind I took little account, except one: I feared you had stopped writing because someone had told you I was not a good keeper3 of your letters; and I knew that, apart from Filippo and Pagolo,4 no one had seen them through me. I have regained it with your last, of the 23rd of last month,5 in which I am most pleased to see how orderly and quietly you carry out that public office; and I urge you to go on so, because whoever gives up his own comforts for the comforts of others loses his own, and gets no thanks for theirs. And since Fortune wants to do everything, we must let her do it, keep quiet and not bother her, and wait for the time when she lets men do something;6 and then it will be right for you to work harder and watch things more closely, and for me to leave my farm and say: “Here I am.” So, wishing to return like favour, I can tell you nothing in this letter but what my life is like; and if you judge it worth trading for yours, I will gladly exchange it.

I am staying on my farm;7 and since those recent misfortunes of mine,8 I have not spent, all told, twenty days in Florence. Until now I have been catching thrushes with my own hands. I got up before dawn, limed the twigs,9 and went out with a bundle of cages on my back, so that I looked like Geta coming back from the harbour with Amphitryon’s books;10 I caught at least two thrushes, at most six. And so I passed all September. Then this pastime, spiteful and strange as it was, ran out, to my regret; and what my life is now, I will tell you. I get up in the morning with the sun and go to a wood of mine that I am having cut, where I stay two hours to look over the previous day’s work and pass the time with the woodcutters, who always have some trouble on their hands, among themselves or with the neighbours. About this wood I could tell you a thousand fine things that have happened to me, with Frosino da Panzano11 and with others who wanted some of this wood. Frosino in particular sent for a number of cords without telling me anything, and when it came to paying wanted to hold back ten lire,12 which he said I had owed him since four years ago, when he beat me at cricca13 at Antonio Guicciardini’s. I started to raise hell, and was going to accuse the carter who had gone for it of theft; but at last14 Giovanni Machiavelli stepped in between us and brought us to terms. Batista Guicciardini,15 Filippo Ginori, Tommaso del Bene and certain other citizens each ordered a cord from me when that north wind16 was blowing. I promised all of them, and sent one to Tommaso, which arrived in Florence as half a cord, because to stack it there were he, his wife, the maid and the children,17 so that they looked like Gaburra on a Thursday with his lads clubbing an ox.18 So, having seen who was making the profit, I told the others I have no more wood; and they have all made a great fuss about it, especially Batista, who counts this among the other disasters of Prato.

Leaving the wood, I go to a spring, and from there to a bird-snare of mine.19 I have a book under my arm, Dante or Petrarch, or one of the lesser poets, like Tibullus, Ovid and such:20 I read of their amorous passions and their loves, I remember my own, and enjoy myself a while in this thinking. Then I move on to the road, to the inn;21 I talk with those passing by, ask the news of their parts, learn various things, and note the various tastes and different fancies of men. Meanwhile comes the hour of the midday meal, when with my household22 I eat such food as this poor farm and tiny patrimony allow. Having eaten, I go back to the inn: there is the innkeeper and, as a rule, a butcher, a miller, and two kiln-men.23 With them I make a lout of myself24 all day, playing at cricca and tric-trac;25 and from this arise a thousand quarrels and endless spiteful insults, and most of the time we are fighting over a quattrino, and still we can be heard shouting from San Casciano. So, wrapped up among these lice, I scrape the mould off my brain, and vent the malice of this fate of mine, content that she should trample me along this road, to see whether she might be ashamed of it.

When evening comes, I return home and go into my study; and at the door I take off my everyday clothes, full of mud and mire, and put on royal and courtly garments; and decently reclothed, I enter the ancient courts of ancient men, where, received by them with love, I feed on that food which alone is mine and which I was born for;26 where I am not ashamed to speak with them and ask them the reasons for their actions; and they, in their humanity, answer me; and for four hours I feel no boredom, I forget every trouble, I do not fear poverty, death does not frighten me: I give myself over entirely to them.

And because Dante says that there is no knowledge without retaining what one has understood,27 I have noted down what I have gained from their conversation, and composed a little work, De principatibus,28 in which I go as deep as I can into reflections on this subject, discussing what a principality is, what kinds there are, how they are acquired, how they are kept, why they are lost. And if any whim of mine ever pleased you, this one should not displease you; and to a prince, and especially a new prince, it ought to be welcome; so I am addressing it to his Magnificence Giuliano.29 Filippo Casavecchia has seen it; he can tell you something both of the thing itself and of the discussions I have had with him, though I am all the while fattening and polishing it.

You would like, magnificent ambassador, for me to leave this life and come and enjoy yours with you. I will do so in any case; but what holds me now is certain business of mine, which I will have done within six weeks. What makes me hesitate is that those Soderini30 are there, whom I would be forced, if I came, to visit and speak with. I would fear that on my return, expecting to dismount at my house, I would dismount instead at the Bargello;31 for although this state has the greatest foundations and great security, it is nevertheless new, and therefore suspicious; nor does it lack know-alls who, to look like Pagolo Bertini, would put others on the bill and leave the paying of it to me.32 I beg you to relieve me of this fear, and then I will come and find you within the time stated in any case.

I have discussed this little work of mine with Filippo: whether it was good to give it or not; and, if good to give it, whether I should bring it or send it to you. Not giving it made me fear that Giuliano would not so much as read it, and that this Ardinghelli33 would take the credit for this latest effort of mine. Giving it was urged on me by the necessity that drives me, because I am wearing myself out, and I cannot go on like this much longer without becoming contemptible for poverty. Besides, I would like these Medici lords to start making use of me, even if they began by having me roll a stone;34 because then, if I did not win them over, I would have only myself to blame. And from this thing, if it were read, it would be seen that the fifteen years I have spent studying the art of the state35 I have neither slept through nor gambled away; and anyone ought to be glad to have the service of one who is full of experience gained at another’s expense. And of my loyalty there should be no doubt, because having always kept faith, I should not now be learning to break it; and he who has been faithful and good for forty-three years, as I have,36 cannot change his nature; and of my faith and goodness my poverty is the witness. I would like, then, for you to write me again what you think of this matter. And I commend myself to you. Sis felix.37

10 December 1513.
Niccolò Machiavelli, in Florence.


Translated from the Italian text of the letter on Wikisource (public domain) by Claude, for the InkHaven Daily Great Essay Discussion of 10 November 2026. The InkHaven Library uses Harvey C. Mansfield’s translation, so the wording here differs. The original Italian follows.

Lettera a Francesco Vettori (Italian original)

Magnifico ambasciatore. Tarde non furon mai grazie divine. Dico questo, perché mi pareva haver perduta no, ma smarrita la grazia vostra, sendo stato voi assai tempo senza scrivermi; ed ero dubbio donde potessi nascere la cagione. E di tutte quelle mi venivono nella mente tenevo poco conto, salvo che di quella quando io dubitavo non vi havessi ritirato da scrivermi, perché vi fussi suto scritto che io non fussi buon massaio delle vostre lettere; e io sapevo che, da Filippo e Pagolo in fuora, altri per mio conto non le haveva viste. Hònne rihaùto per l'ultima vostra de' 23 del passato, dove io resto contentissimo vedere quanto ordinatamente e quietamente voi esercitate cotesto ufizio publico; e io vi conforto a seguire così, perché chi lascia i sua comodi per li comodi d'altri, e’ perde e’ sua, e di quelli non li è saputo grado. E poiché la fortuna vuol fare ogni cosa, ella si vuole lasciarla fare, stare quieto e non le dare briga, e aspettar tempo che la lasci fare qualche cosa agl’huomini; e all’hora starà bene a voi durare più fatica, vegliar più le cose, e a me partirmi di villa e dire: eccomi. Non posso pertanto, volendo rendere pari grazie, dirvi in questa mia lettera altro che qual sia la vita mia; e se voi giudicate che sia a barattarla con la vostra, io sarò contento mutarla.

Io mi sto in villa; e poi che seguirono quelli miei ultimi casi, non sono stato, ad accozzarli tutti, venti dí a Firenze. Ho insino a qui uccellato a' tordi di mia mano. Levavomi innanzi dí, impaniavo, andavone oltre con un fascio di gabbie addosso, che parevo el Geta quando e' tornava dal porto con i libri di Amphitrione; pigliavo el meno dua, el più sei tordi. E cosí stetti tutto settembre. Di poi questo badalucco, ancoraché dispettoso e strano, è mancato con mio dispiacere: e quale la vita mia vi dirò. Io mi lievo la mattina con el sole, e vòmmene in un mio bosco che io fo tagliare, dove sto dua ore a rivedere l'opere del giorno passato, e a passar tempo con quegli tagliatori, che hanno sempre qualche sciagura alle mani o fra loro o co' vicini. E circa questo bosco io vi harei a dire mille belle cose che mi sono intervenute, e con Frosino da Panzano e con altri che voleano di queste legne. E Frosino in spezie mandò per certe cataste senza dirmi nulla; e al pagamento, mi voleva rattenere dieci lire, che dice aveva havere da me quattro anni sono, che mi vinse a cricca in casa Antonio Guicciardini. Io cominciai a fare el diavolo, volevo accusare el vetturale, che vi era ito per esse, per ladro. Tandem Giovanni Machiavelli vi entrò di mezzo, e ci pose d'accordo. Batista Guicciardini, Filippo Ginori, Tommaso del Bene e certi altri cittadini, quando quella tramontana soffiava, ognuno me ne prese una catasta. Io promessi a tutti; e manda'ne una a Tommaso, la quale tornò a Firenze per metà, perché a rizzarla vi era lui, la moglie, la fante, i figlioli, che pareva el Gaburra quando el giovedí con quelli suoi garzoni bastona un bue. Dimodoché, veduto in chi era guadagno, ho detto agli altri che io non ho più legne; e tutti ne hanno fatto capo grosso, e in specie Batista, che connumera questa tra le altre sciagure di Prato.

Partitomi del bosco, io me ne vo ad una fonte, e di quivi in un mio uccellare. Ho un libro sotto, o Dante o Petrarca, o uno di questi poeti minori, come Tibullo, Ovidio e simili: leggo quelle loro amorose passioni, e quelli loro amori ricordomi de' mia: gòdomi un pezzo in questo pensiero. Transferiscomi poi in sulla strada, nell'hosteria; parlo con quelli che passono, dimando delle nuove de' paesi loro; intendo varie cose, e noto varii gusti e diverse fantasie d'huomini. Viene in questo mentre l'hora del desinare, dove con la mia brigata mi mangio di quelli cibi che questa povera villa e paululo patrimonio comporta. Mangiato che ho, ritorno nell'hosteria: quivi è l'hoste, per l'ordinario, un beccaio, un mugnaio, dua fornaciai. Con questi io m'ingaglioffo per tutto dí giuocando a cricca, a trich-trach, e poi dove nascono mille contese e infiniti dispetti di parole iniuriose; e il più delle volte si combatte un quattrino, e siamo sentiti non di manco gridare da San Casciano. Cosí, rinvolto in tra questi pidocchi, traggo el cervello di muffa, e sfogo questa malignità di questa mia sorta, sendo contento mi calpesti per questa via, per vedere se la se ne vergognassi.

Venuta la sera, mi ritorno a casa ed entro nel mio scrittoio; e in sull'uscio mi spoglio quella veste cotidiana, piena di fango e di loto, e mi metto panni reali e curiali; e rivestito condecentemente, entro nelle antique corti delli antiqui huomini, dove, da loro ricevuto amorevolmente, mi pasco di quel cibo che solum è mio e ch’io nacqui per lui; dove io non mi vergogno parlare con loro e domandarli della ragione delle loro azioni; e quelli per loro humanità mi rispondono; e non sento per quattro hore di tempo alcuna noia, sdimentico ogni affanno, non temo la povertà, non mi sbigottisce la morte: tutto mi transferisco in loro.

E perché Dante dice che non fa scienza sanza lo ritenere lo havere inteso - io ho notato quello di che per la loro conversazione ho fatto capitale, e composto uno opuscolo De principatibus; dove io mi profondo quanto io posso nelle cogitazioni di questo subietto, disputando che cosa è principato, di quale spezie sono, come e' si acquistono, come e' si mantengono, perché e' si perdono. E se vi piacque mai alcuno mio ghiribizzo, questo non vi doverrebbe dispiacere; e a un principe, e massime a un principe nuovo, doverrebbe essere accetto: però io lo indirizzo alla Magnificentia di Giuliano. Filippo Casavecchia l'ha visto; vi potrà ragguagliare in parte e della cosa in sé e de' ragionamenti ho hauto seco, ancora che tutta volta io l'ingrasso e ripulisco.

Voi vorresti, magnifico ambasciatore, che io lasciassi questa vita, e venissi a godere con voi la vostra. Io lo farò in ogni modo; ma quello che mi tenta hora è certe mie faccende, che fra sei settimane l'harò fatte. Quello che mi fa star dubbio è, che sono costí quelli Soderini, e quali sarei forzato, venendo costí, visitarli e parlar loro. Dubiterei che alla tornata mia io non credessi scavalcare a casa, e scavalcassi nel Bargiello; perché, ancora che questo stato habbia grandissimi fondamenti e gran securità, tamen egli è nuovo, e per questo sospettoso; né manca di saccenti, che per parere, come Pagolo Bertini, metterebbono altri a scotto, e lascierebbono el pensiero a me. Pregovi mi solviate questa paura, e poi verrò in fra el tempo detto a trovarvi a ogni modo.

Io ho ragionato con Filippo di questo mio opuscolo, se gli era ben darlo o non lo dare; e, sendo ben darlo, se gli era bene che io lo portassi, o che io ve lo mandassi. Il non lo dare mi faceva dubitare che da Giuliano e' non fussi, non che altro, letto; e che questo Ardinghelli si facessi onore di questa ultima mia fatica. El darlo mi faceva la necessità che mi caccia, perché io mi logoro, e lungo tempo non posso stare cosí che io non diventi per povertà contennendo. Appresso al desiderio harei che questi signori Medici mi cominciassino adoperare, se dovessino cominciare a farmi voltolare un sasso; perché, se poi io non me gli guadagnassi, io mi dorrei di me; e per questa cosa, quando la fussi letta, si vedrebbe che quindici anni, che io sono stato a studio all'arte dello stato, non gli ho né dormiti né giuocati; e doverrebbe ciascheduno haver caro servirsi di uno che alle spese di altri fussi pieno di esperienza. E della fede mia non si doverrebbe dubitare, perché, havendo sempre observato la fede, io non debbo imparare hora a romperla; e chi è stato fedele e buono quarantatré anni, che io ho, non debbe poter mutare natura; e della fede e bontà mia ne è testimonio la povertà mia. Desidererei adunque che voi ancora mi scrivessi quello che sopra questa materia vi paia. E a voi mi raccomando. Sis felix.

Die 10 Decembris 1513.

NICCOLÒ MACHIAVELLI in Firenze


  1. 1. Francesco Vettori (1474–1539). Florentine patrician and diplomat, ambassador (oratore) to the papal court in Rome for Pope Leo X from 1513. The Latin address on the outside of the letter reads Magnifico oratori Florentino Francisco Vectori apud Summum Pontificem et benefactori suo. Romae: “To the magnificent Florentine ambassador Francesco Vettori, at the court of the Supreme Pontiff, his benefactor. In Rome.” “Magnificent” is a courtesy title, not a compliment. Unlike Machiavelli, Vettori had kept the favour of the Medici, so he is both a friend and a possible route back into work. ↩

  2. 2. “Tarde non furon mai grazie divine.” A line of Petrarch, from the Triumph of Eternity, the last poem of his Trionfi, where it is a hope that God’s grace may still arrive late. Machiavelli applies it to a late letter from a friend. ↩

  3. 3. “Keeper” translates massaio, the steward of a household who looks after its goods. Machiavelli is worrying that Vettori thinks he shows private letters around; in 1513 a careless letter could be evidence (see the note on “recent misfortunes”). ↩

  4. 4. Filippo and Pagolo. Filippo is probably Filippo Casavecchia, who reappears below as a reader of the draft of The Prince. Pagolo (Paolo) is usually taken to be Paolo Vettori, Francesco’s brother. ↩

  5. 5. Vettori’s letter of 23 November 1513 described his own day as ambassador in Rome, from getting up to going to bed. Machiavelli answers in the same form: his letter is a daily timetable, offered for trade. ↩

  6. 6. Fortune (fortuna, feminine in Italian) is a character in the letter: here someone to be left alone, later the “fate” that tramples him and might be shamed by it. Chapter 25 of The Prince argues the opposite case, that a man of virtù can resist her. ↩

  7. 7. Farm. Villa means a country property, not a luxury retreat. This is the Machiavelli family’s small estate at Sant’Andrea in Percussina, near San Casciano in Val di Pesa, south of Florence. The house, known as the Albergaccio, still stands. ↩

  8. 8. “Those recent misfortunes of mine.” In 1512 the Florentine republic fell and the Medici returned with Spanish backing. Machiavelli, who had served the republic in its chancery since 1498, was dismissed in November 1512. In February 1513 his name was found on a list kept by anti-Medici conspirators (Pietro Paolo Boscoli and Agostino Capponi). He was imprisoned in the Bargello and given several drops of the strappado: hoisted by a rope tied to the wrists behind the back, then dropped. He admitted nothing, and was freed in March under the amnesty that followed Giovanni de’ Medici’s election as Pope Leo X. ↩

  9. 9. Limed the twigs. Impaniavo, from pania, birdlime: a sticky paste spread on branches so that small birds landing on them are caught. Thrushes were eaten. ↩

  10. 10. Geta and Amphitryon’s books. From Geta e Birria, a popular fifteenth-century Florentine comic poem descended from Plautus’s Amphitryon. The servant Geta is sent to the harbour to carry home his master’s load of books, and staggers under them. Machiavelli, laden with bird cages, is a servant carrying a scholar’s baggage. ↩

  11. 11. Frosino da Panzano, Antonio Guicciardini, Giovanni Machiavelli, Filippo Ginori, Tommaso del Bene. Florentine citizens of Machiavelli’s circle. The names matter less than the scene: a man who had negotiated with the King of France and Cesare Borgia now haggles with acquaintances over firewood. ↩

  12. 12. Lire and quattrini. Florentine reckoning: 1 lira = 20 soldi = 240 denari. A quattrino was a small copper coin worth 4 denari, so the shouting at the inn (next paragraph) is over a sixtieth of a lira. ↩

  13. 13. Cricca: a card game. The same game reappears at the inn in the next paragraph. ↩

  14. 14. “At last” is tandem, Latin, in the middle of the Italian. Machiavelli does this throughout (tamen, nevertheless; solum, alone; paululo, tiny), the habit of a chancery official who wrote in Latin for a living. ↩

  15. 15. Batista Guicciardini was podestà, chief magistrate, of Prato in 1512, when Spanish troops took the town on 29 August and sacked it. The massacre frightened Florence into dismissing its government and taking back the Medici, which is how Machiavelli lost his job. Losing his firewood order is a further disaster for Batista to add to that one. ↩

  16. 16. North wind: the tramontana, the cold wind from over the mountains, so it is winter and people want fuel. ↩

  17. 17. Half a cord. A catasta (cord) is a stack of wood of agreed size. The joke seems to be that Tommaso’s whole family pressed the stack down so tightly that it measured half, and he paid for half. Seeing that the profit was going to his customers, Machiavelli stopped selling. ↩

  18. 18. Gaburra is taken by commentators to be a Florentine butcher of the day. The picture is of a whole crew laying into a single ox, as Tommaso’s family laid into one cord of wood. ↩

  19. 19. Bird-snare (uccellare): a fixed spot rigged for catching birds, with nets or limed branches. ↩

  20. 20. Tibullus and Ovid: Latin love poets of the age of Augustus. “Lesser” is relative to Dante and Petrarch, the two great Tuscan poets. ↩

  21. 21. The inn stood on the road by the house. For an ex-diplomat, travellers’ gossip was the remaining source of news. ↩

  22. 22. Household (brigata, “company”): his wife, Marietta Corsini, whom he married in 1501, and their children. ↩

  23. 23. Kiln-men. Fornaciai are workers at a kiln that burns lime or bricks. Some translations have “bakers”, but a baker is a fornaio. ↩

  24. 24. Make a lout of myself: m’ingaglioffo, from gaglioffo, a good-for-nothing. The coarseness is deliberate, and sets up the contrast with the evening. ↩

  25. 25. Tric-trac: a form of backgammon. ↩

  26. 26. The ancient courts of ancient men: the historians and statesmen of Greece and Rome, met by reading them. He presents reading as an audience at court, the life he has lost, and dresses for it. ↩

  27. 27. Dante, Paradiso V, 41–42, where Beatrice says “ché non fa scïenza, / sanza lo ritenere, avere inteso”: to have understood without retaining does not make knowledge. ↩

  28. 28. De principatibus, “On Principalities”: the book now called The Prince (Il Principe). This letter is the earliest mention of it. It circulated in manuscript and was printed only in 1532, five years after Machiavelli’s death. ↩

  29. 29. Giuliano de’ Medici (1479–1516), son of Lorenzo the Magnificent and brother of Pope Leo X. He died in 1516, and the finished Prince is dedicated instead to his nephew, Lorenzo di Piero de’ Medici. ↩

  30. 30. The Soderini. Piero Soderini was gonfaloniere for life, head of the Florentine republic, from 1502 until 1512, and Machiavelli’s patron. After the fall he went into exile; he and his brother, Cardinal Francesco Soderini, were in Rome. Calling on them would mark Machiavelli as still a Soderini man. ↩

  31. 31. The Bargello: the palace of Florence’s chief of police, used as the city prison, where he had been held and tortured that spring. He pictures riding home and getting off his horse at the jail instead of his door. ↩

  32. 32. Put others on the bill: metterebbono altri a scotto, from scotto, one’s share of a tavern bill. Busybodies would make trouble to look clever, and Machiavelli would pay for it. Pagolo Bertini is evidently a known busybody; the letter gives nothing more. ↩

  33. 33. Piero Ardinghelli, a secretary in the papal curia and a confidant of Leo X. Machiavelli fears that if the book goes through him, he will take the credit or keep it from Giuliano. ↩

  34. 34. Roll a stone: even the lowest drudgery, as a start. ↩

  35. 35. Fifteen years. From 1498, after the fall of Savonarola, to his dismissal in 1512, Machiavelli was secretary of the Second Chancery and of the Ten of War, the body that handled war and diplomacy. The “expense of another” is the republic’s: he learned on its missions. ↩

  36. 36. Forty-three years. Machiavelli was born on 3 May 1469, so in December 1513 he was in fact forty-four. ↩

  37. 37. Sis felix: Latin, “be happy”, a standard closing. ↩